![]() In turn, this affects the amount of protein produced. The cell signaling pathways induced by steroid hormones regulate specific genes by acting as transcription regulators. Because a lipid-derived hormone such as a steroid hormone can diffuse across the membrane of the target cell, they bind to intracellular receptors residing in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. The hormone binds to its receptor like a key fits a lock. Depending on the location of the receptor on the target cell and the chemical structure of the hormone, for example, whether or not it is lipid-soluble, hormones can mediate changes directly by binding to intracellular hormone receptors and modulating gene expression-transcription and translation-or indirectly by binding to cell surface receptors and simulating signaling pathways. Even though hormones released by endocrine glands can travel long distances through the blood and come into contact with many different cell types, they only affect cells that possess the necessary receptors. ![]() Hormones are chemical signals-ligands-that mediate changes in target cells by binding to specific receptors. Much of the information in this section is an application of the material we explored in the Cell Communication chapter about cell communication and signaling pathways.
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